cstdlib header file is used to create pseudo random number.
cin will stop its extraction when it encounters a blank space.
Conversion operator doesn’t have any return type not even void.
Derefencing is using a pointer with asterix. For example, *(abc).
The string class is an instantiation of the basic_string class template.
Extern keyword is used to represent identifiers from other programs.
There are two types of macros. They are object-like and function-like.
Blitz++ is a high-performance vector mathematics library written in C++.
The permutation is used to find all the combination of numbers in the range.
The trigonometric functions work with angles in radians rather than degrees.
Modularization is also similar to macros but it is used to build large projects.
The member function seekg is used to position back from the end of file object.
vmath is set of C++ classes for Vector and Matrix algebra used in the programs.
Checked iterators ensure that you do not overwrite the bounds of your container.
The subscript operator overload takes only one argument, but it can be of any type.
As we are using the vector and it will give accurate result if we use const reference.
cout, cerr and clog are the standard objects for the instantiation of output stream class.
Allocators are implemented in C++ standard library but it is used for C++ template library.
Allocators handle all the request for allocation and deallocation of memory for the container.
You can write information to a file from your program using the stream insertion operator <<.
If we invoked the interface as public means, We can access the program from other programs also.
There are three types of linkage in c++. They are internal linkage, external linkage and no linkage.
The stringstream, ostringstream, and istringstream objects are used for input and output to a string.
There are two groups of output operation in c++. They are formatted output and unformatted output.
The three types of returning values are return by value, return by reference and return by address.
There are 6 categories of facet in c++. They are collate, ctype, monetary, numeric, time and messages.
There are two type of container classes in c++. They are value containers and reference containers.
The floating point number composed of four elements. They are sign, Base, Significand and Exponent.
There are five types of iterators. They are Output, Input, Forward, Random access and Bi-directional.
There are streams that are automatically created when executing a program. They are stdin, stdout and stderr.
Input and Output operations of c can be performed in C++ using the C Standard Input and Output Library.
When a exception is arised mean, the exception is caught by handlers and then it decides the type of exception.
The structure declaration with open and close braces and with a semicolon is also called structure specifier.
RAND_MAX is a constant defined in for deciding the maximum random number that can be produced.
As in the case of not using an exception, it will remain useless in the program and increase the code complexity.
Whitespace is a term that refers to characters like spaces, tabs, and newlines that are used for formatting purposes.
Namespace allow you to group class, objects and functions. It is used to divide the global scope into the sub-scopes.
Iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container’s elements.
There are two types of read and write tests. They are throughput in random reads and throughput in contiguous reads.
Because of the access given to the private and protected, We can’t access them by using direct member access operator.
There are three main iterators needed for designing a container. They are const iterator, Reverse iterator and Iterator traits.
There are two definitions of mismatch with either three or four parameters. They are first1, last1, first2 and optional predicate.
A stream buffer is a block of data that acts as intermediary between the i/o operations and the physical file associated to the stream.
Free store is a pool of memory available for you to allocate and deallocate storage for objects during the execution of your program.
We will get unchecked behavior on calls to an unchecked function and Calls to the standard function will result in compiler warnings.
A range is any sequence of objects that can be accessed through iterators or pointers, such as an array or an instance of some of the STL containers.
When you allocate memory from the heap, you must remember to clean up objects when you’re done! Failure to do so is called a memory leak.
These are the items which will have their change in declaration related to constness of parameter. They are strchr, strpbrk, strrchr, strstr, memchr.
C++ library uses streams to operate with physical devices such as Keyboards, Printers, Terminals or with any other type of files supported by the system.
C++ is multi-paradigm. It supports both procedural and object oriented.
References are safer and easier to use than pointers.
new() is a preprocessor while malloc() is a function
Destructor is used to delete any extra resources allocated by the object.
The enum keyword is used to define a new data type, having a new data type name and list of acceptable named values.
Longs may be able to handle larger values than regular ints, at the expense of more storage space required.
Floating point numbers use some of their bits to store exponent, which leaves fewer bits to store the actual digits of number.
The "char" data type is basically an 8-bit integer, and can be used to store small numbers. ( signed or unsigned. )
OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a global data can be accessed from anywhere
Inheritance is used to inherit the property of one class into another class. It facilitates you to define one class in term of another class.
C++ follows the bottom-up approach.
C++ supports function overloading.
In C++, you can use functions in structure.
C++ supports reference variables.
Constants are specific numbers ( or characters or strings ) that have a specific value which cannot be changed.
Floating point constants may be followed by either an "F" to indicate an ordinary float, or an "L" to indicate a long double.
Boolean data may also be represented and/or printed using the values of 0 for false and 1 for true.
An identifier is a more general term for a named location, which may contain either data or code.
every constant character has an integral value
range of floating point number is from -3.4E +38 TO 3.4E+38
there is noting like short float, long double is used for extended percision
constructor are not supposed to return any value
f in float to indicate single precision, boolean is a fundamental datatype
void is also used when value of pointer is null
sizeof operator is used to determine the size of the operator
extern int i;
this is not defination and no storage is allocated untill is initialized
float a=1.1;
double b=1.1;
these are not equal
but
int a=1;
float b=1.0;
these are equal
int f(float)
this function is taking float argument and returning integer
global variable value are implicitly initialized to zero but local variable values need to be initialized by system
we use #include
setpreision(10)
to set precision for values
float have 8 place accuracy
double have 16 place accuracy
excape code is used to produce beep sound in cplus program /a
++ operator works with bool also,
we can perform arithmetic operations with bool
++ operator works with bool also,
we can perform arithmetic operations with bool
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