A Network Is A Set Of Devices Connected By Physically Media Links. A Network Is A Connection Of Two Or More Devices Which Share Resources And Communicate With Each Other.
At Lowest Level , A Network Can Be Consist Of Two Or More Computers Directly Connected By Some Physical Medium (Cables).Such Medium Is Called Link
A Node In A Network Can Be Defined As The Device Connected In The Network. For Example, In A Network Computers Are Nodes.
It Is A Device Which Is Used To Connect Two Or More Networks. We Can Also Call It As Node Of Network.It Generally Forward Message From One Network To Other
If The Physical Links Are Limited To Pair Of Nodes,Then It Is Called Point To Point Link
If The Physical Links Are Shared By Two Or More Nodes Then It Is Said To Be Multiple Access
Collaborative Processing
Faster Problem Solving
Security
Number Of Users
Hardware
Software
Type Of Transmission Medium
A Protocol Is A Set Of Rules That Must Be Followed During A Communication Or Other Operations
Bandwidth Is The Number Of Bits That Can Be Transmitted Over The Network In A Certain Period Of Time.
It Is The Amount Of Time Taken By Message To Transfer From One End To Other In The Network
In A Network , There Are Multiple Path For A Message To Travel From One Node To Other, Routing Is The Process Of Taking The Best Path
It Is The Duration Of Time It Takes To Send A Message From One End Of A Network To Other And Back .Is Called Rtt
Fdm Is An Analog Technique That Can Be Applied When The Bandwidth Of A Link Is Greater Then The Combined Bandwidth Of The Signal To Be Transmited.
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data-Link Layer
Physical Layer
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access Layer
Physical Layer Coordinated The Function Required To Transmit A Bit Stream Over A Physical Medium
Framing
Flow Control
Error Control
Access Control
Physical Addressing
Network Layer Is Responsible For The Source To Destination Delivery Of Packet Possibly Across Multiple Networks
Routing
Logical Routing
Transport Layer Is Responsible For The Source To Destination Delivery Of
Entire Messgae
Service Point Addressing
Connection Control>
Flow Control
Error Control
It Establish, Maintain and Synchronize the Connection Between Two Or More Nodes.
The Presentation Layer Is Concerned with The Type And Form Form Of Data Exchanged
Encryption
Compression
Translation
It Enables The User To Access The Network .It Provides User Interface And Support For The Service.
Mail Services
File Transfers
- Guided Media
- Twisted Pair Cable
- Coaxial Cable
- Optical Fiber Cable
-
Unguided Media
- Terrestrial Microware
- Satellite Communication
Single Bit Error – Error In The Single Bit, Onlt One Bit In The Data Unit Has Changed
Burst But Error – A Burst Bit Error Is Multiple Bits One Afte Other Is Changed
Data Can Be Corrupted During The Transmission. So Error Detection Methods Are Used To Detect That The Data Must Remain During The Transmission.
Checksum
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Vertical Redundancy Check
Checksum Is Used By The Higher Layer Protocols For Error Detection.
A Device Or Program That Uses Predefined Algorithm To Encode ,Or Compress Data For Storage And Transmission Mode.
It is a Device Or Program That Converts The Encoded Data Into Its Original Form.
Automatic Repeat Request (Arq) Is A Protocol For Error Control In Data Transmission. When The Receiver Detects An Error In A Packet, It Automatically Requests The Transmitter To Resend The Packet
In Networking And In Other Areas, A Task Is Often Begun Before The Previous Task Has Completed. This Is Called Pipelining
A Technique Called Piggybacking Is Used To Improve The Efficiency Of The Bidirectional Protocol When A Frame Is Carrying Data From A To B ,It Can Also Carry Control Information About Arrived Frames From B.
Frame Relay Is A Packet Switching Technology.It Will Operate In The Data Link Layer
Bit Rate Is The Number Of Bits Transmitted During One Second Whereas Baud Rate Refers To Number Of Signals Per Second That Are Required To Represent Those Bits.
The Address Of A Device As It Is Identified At The Media Access Control Layer In The Network Layer,Mac Address Is Always Unique For A Device
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